Short in-text citations are used to point the reader to more complete information in the Works Cited list. Always provide the following in your text (if available):
SHORT QUOTES: Enclose short quotations (less than 4 lines) in double quotation marks and incorporate them in your sentence.
EXAMPLE PRINT BOOK WITH FIXED PAGE NUMBERS AVAILABLE:
According to Smail, Darwinian evolution "follows a rhythm dictated by the rapidity of generational turnover" (99).
One opinion is that Darwinian evolution "follows a rhythm dictated by the rapidity of generational turnover" (Smail 99).
LONG QUOTES: Display a longer quotation in a block with no quotation marks, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin. Note that the closing punctuation mark precedes the page citation.
EXAMPLE:
Darwin concluded the following:
For PARAPHRASES provide the same citation information as for quotes. However, do not put quotation marks around your writing. For SUMMARIES the same applies, unless you are referring to an item as a whole, in which case you don't give any page number (example 3)
EXAMPLE:
The speed of human cultural evolution is linked to the turnover rate of cultural entities (Smail 99-100).
Smail suggested that the speed of human cultural evolution is linked to the turnover rate of cultural entities (99-100).
Smail's book discusses the topic of ...
WORKS CITED entries for the above examples
For ONE author list the author’s last name and a locator (such as a page number) if available.
EXAMPLE:
As one researcher noted ..... (Creese 87).
As Creese has noted, ... (87).
For TWO authors, put the last names in the order in which they appear in the work. Add a locator if available.
EXAMPLE:
Research has shown that ..... (Tellis and Ambler, par. 2).
Tellis and Ambler found ... (par. 2).
For MORE THAN TWO authors, list the first author's last name followed by the words et. al (meaning "and others"). Add a locator if available.
EXAMPLE:
Literature is a vehicle for ..... (Puchner et al. 58).
Puchner et al. describe ... (58).
NO author: Give the title (abbreviate if long; omit initial articles like "A", "An" or "The"). If the title in the Works Cited list is in italics, italicize the title in the in-text citation as well. If ii is in quotation marks, put quotation marks around the title in the in-text citation. Add a locator if available.
EXAMPLES:
One important relationship between nutrition and health is ..... (Good Housekeeping 55).
In the health and nutrition section of Good Housekeeping it states that ... (55).
One smart phone application prevents drivers from texting ... ("Zoomsafer").
The short newspaper clip "Zoomsafer" describes ...
WORKS CITED entries for the above examples:
BASIC RULE: Give the author and page number(s) if available for anything you quote, paraphrase, summarize or otherwise refer to. If you want to cite several sources that state the same, list them all in parentheses (as in the third example shown below).
EXAMPLES WITH FIXED PAGE NUMBERS AVAILABLE:
According to Smail, Darwinian evolution "follows a rhythm dictated by the rapidity of generational turnover" (99).
The speed of human cultural evolution is linked to the turnover rate of cultural entities (Smail 99-100).
Some researchers state that cultural evolution happens at a faster rate than biological evolution (Smail 37; Mesoudi et al. 4).
For sources that have no page number(s) but have a different VISIBLE, FIXED locator (chapter, section, paragraph), give that locator.
EXAMPLE ONLINE SOURCE WITH FIXED CHAPTER NUMBERS AVAILABLE:
Darwin states that "our ignorance of the laws of variation is profound" (ch. 5).
The statement that "our ignorance of the laws of variation is profound" (Darwin, ch. 5) summarizes how little was known at the time.
For sources with neither page number(s) or other visible, fixed locators, give the author only.
EXAMPLE ONLINE SOURCE WITH NO FIXED LOCATOR AVAILABLE:
O'Neill points out that Darwin "did not believe that evolution follows a predetermined direction or that it has an inevitable goal".
It is said that Darwin "did not believe that evolution follows a predetermined direction or that it has an inevitable goal" (O'Neill).
WORKS CITED entries for the above examples
USING ONLY ONE VOLUME: If you borrow from only one volume of a multivolume work, specify the volume number in the Works Cited list. You don't need to include it in the in-text citation.
EXAMPLE:
... (Puchner et al. 58).
USING MORE THAN ONE VOLUME: If you borrow from more than one volume of a multivolume work, give the volume number AND page number in the in-text citation (in the example, 2 is the volume number and 58 is the page number). Give the total number of volumes in the Works Cited list.
EXAMPLE:
... (Bumsted et al. 2:58)
WORKS CITED entries for the above examples
PROSE: For a classic prose work available in several editions, provide the page number plus additional information in your in text reference (e.g.: chapter, part, or scene number).
EXAMPLE:
... (Dostoevsky 20; pt. 1, ch. 1)
VERSE PLAYS AND POEMS: When referencing verse plays and poems with line numbering, omit page numbers, but cite by division (act, scene, canto, book, part) and line, with periods separating the various numbers, e.g. Illiad 9.19 (this refers to Homer's Illiad, book 9, line 19). If there are only line numbers, use the word line or lines plus the number the first time you cite, and then only the number(s) as in the 2nd example (Note: the forward slash / indicates a line break in the poem). Otherwise, simply use the page number.
EXAMPLE with division and line numbering:
... (Shakespeare 2.1.82-85)
EXAMPLE with line numbering only:
With the last words of the poem "I, born to fog, to waste, / Walk through hypothesis, / An individual" (lines 34-36), Gunn repeats the image he invoked at the beginning: "Now it is fog, I walk, / Contained within my coat" (1-2).
EXAMPLE page numbers:
With the words "lately I have come to believe / all that is of value is the currency / of the heart" (16), the tone of Musgrave's poem becomes much darker...
WORKS CITED entries for the above examples
If you cite more than once from the SAME source in a row (WITHOUT any other source citations in between), you MAY make your in-text citations more concise. However, if these techniques would create ambiguity, then give citations in full every time.
EXAMPLES:
Romeo and Juliet presents an opposition between two worlds: "the world of the everyday," associated with the adults in the play, and "the world of romance," associated with the two lovers (Zender 138). Romeo and Juliet's language of love nevertheless becomes "fully responsive to the tang of actuality" (141).
According to Karl F. Zender, Romeo and Juliet presents an opposition between two worlds: "the world of the everyday," associated with the adults in the play, and "the world of romance," associated with the two lovers (138). Romeo and Juliet's language of love nevertheless becomes "fully responsive to the tang of actuality" (141).
Romeo and Juliet presents an opposition between two worlds: "the world of the everyday ... and the world of romance." Although the two lovers are part of the world of romance, their language of love nevertheless becomes "fully responsive to the tang of actuality" (Zender 138, 141).
WORKS CITED entry for the above examples